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Richard J. Evans, historian with a focus on Germany

 Richard J. Evans (born 1947) is a historian of modern Germany whose extensive body of work transitioned from early studies of feminism and middle-class culture to pioneering a "history from below" that emphasizes the grassroots experiences of ordinary people . Rejecting both the "great man" theory and the "top-down" methodology of the Bielefeld School, Evans utilized the influence of the Annales school to explore how social inequalities and structural failures—such as those seen in the Hamburg cholera epidemic or the history of capital punishment —served as reflections of state power and precursors to National Socialism. Throughout his career, he has been a vocal opponent of historical revisionism, famously challenging apologist accounts of the Third Reich during the Historikerstreit and defending the objective reconstruction of the past against the skepticism of postmodernist theory.
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IBM during World War Two

During World War II, IBM worked with both Germany and the United states.  Dehomag's  (Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft, IBM's German subsidiary)   punched-card technology was used by the Nazi regime to organize the Holocaust and manage concentration camps. While IBM’s technology simultaneously supported Allied efforts including the Manhattan Project and the internment of Japanese Americans . Investigative works like Edwin Black’s IBM and the Holocaust argue that the company's New York headquarters maintained moral complicity through continued oversight of these European operations. In response to these allegations and subsequent lawsuits, IBM has maintained that its subsidiaries were seized by Nazi authorities and that the use of its technology by the regime was a well-known historical fact common to many multinational firms of the era.
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Early history of Hewlett-Packard (HP)

 Founded in a Palo Alto garage in 1939 by Stanford graduates Bill Hewlett and David Packard, Hewlett-Packard (HP) rose from a $538 investment to become a cornerstone of Silicon Valley innovation. The company's first breakthrough, the HP 200A audio oscillator , utilized a unique light bulb circuit for stability and famously supplied Walt Disney for the film Fantasia , setting a precedent for high-quality electronic test and measurement equipment. Over the following decades, HP expanded from defense-related wartime projects into a diversified tech giant, pioneering the world's first "personal computer" with the 9100A , launching iconic handheld scientific calculators like the HP-35 , and eventually revolutionizing the consumer market with the introduction of inkjet and laser printers in the 1980s. Throughout its growth, HP maintained a reputation for technical excellence and progressive management, ultimately evolving from a niche instrument manufacturer into ...
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Early history of IBM

 The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) , the precursor to IBM, was formed in 1911 by financier Charles R. Flint through the strategic amalgamation of four distinct enterprises: the Bundy Manufacturing Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Tabulating Machine Company, and the Computing Scale Company of America. Based in Endicott, New York, this "allied consolidation" diversified its risk by manufacturing a wide array of products, including employee time-clocks, commercial scales, and Herman Hollerith’s groundbreaking punched card equipment. By merging these specialized firms, Flint created a corporate structure that remained resilient across different industries until the company was rebranded as International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924 and fully integrated its subsidiary operations in 1933.
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